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Author: Brian S McGowan, PhD

MANUSCRIPT: Learning behaviour and preferences of family medicine residents under a flexible academic curriculum

OBJECTIVE:
To determine family medicine residents’ learning behaviour and preferences outside of clinical settings in order to help guide the development of an effective academic program that can maximize their learning.
DESIGN:
Retrospective descriptive analysis of academic learning logs submitted by residents as part of their academic training requirements between 2008 and 2011.
SETTING:
London, Ont.
PARTICIPANTS:
All family medicine residents at Western University who had completed their academic program requirements (N = 72) by submitting 300 or more credits (1 credit = 1 hour).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Amount of time spent on various learning modalities, location where the learning took place, resources used for self-study, and the objective of the learning activity.
RESULTS:
A total of 72 residents completed their academic requirements during the study period and logged a total of 25 068 hours of academic learning. Residents chose to spend most of their academic time engaging in self-study (44%), attending staff physicians’ teaching sessions (20%),and participating in conferences, courses, or workshops (12%) and in postgraduate medical education sessions (12%). Textbooks (26%), medical journals (20%), and point-of-care resources (12%) were the 3 most common resources used for self-study. The hospital (32%), residents’ homes (32%),and family medicine clinics (14%) were the most frequently cited locations where academic learning occurred. While all physicians used a variety of educational activities, most residents (67%) chose self-study as their primary method of learning. The topic for academic learning appeared to have some influence on the learning modalities used by residents.
CONCLUSION:
Residents used a variety of learning modalities and chose self-study over other more traditional modalities (eg, lectures) for most of their academic learning. A successful academic program must take into account residents’ various learning preferences and habits while providing guidance and training in the use of more effective learning methods and resources to maximize educational outcomes.

via Learning behaviour and preferences of family medicine residents und… – PubMed – NCBI.

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MANUSCRIPT: Continuing medical education revisited: theoretical assumptions and practical implications: a qualitative study

Recent research has evidenced that although investment in Continuing Medical Education CME, both in terms of participation as well as financial resources allocated to it, has been steadily increasing to catch up with accelerating advances in health information and technology, effectiveness of CME is reported to be rather limited. Poor and disproportional returns can be attributed to failure of CME courses to address and stimulate an adult audience.MethodsThe present study initially drew on research findings and adult learning theories, providing the basis for comprehending adult learning, while entailing practical implications on fostering effectiveness in the design and delivery of CME. On a second level, a qualitative study was conducted with the aim to elucidate parameters accounting for effectiveness in educational interventions. Qualitative data was retrieved through 12 in-depth interviews, conducted with a random sample of participants in the 26th European Workshop of Advanced Plastic Surgery EWAPS. The data underwent a three level qualitative analysis, following the ¿grounded theory¿ methodology, comprising `open coding¿, `axial coding¿ and `selective coding¿.ResultsFindings from the EWAPS study come in line with relevant literature, entailing significant implications for the necessity to apply a more effective and efficient paradigm in the design and delivery of educational interventions, advocating for implementing learner-centered schemata in CME and benefiting from a model that draws on the learning environment and social aspects of learning.ConclusionsWhat emerged as a pivotal parameter in designing educational interventions is to focus on small group educational events which could provide a supportive friendly context, enhance motivation through learner-centered approaches and allow interaction, experimentation and critical reflection. It should be outlined however that further research is required as the present study is limited in scope, having dealt with a limited sample.

via Continuing medical education revisited: theoretical assumptions and… – PubMed – NCBI.

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MANUSCRIPT: Continuing medical education revisited: theoretical assumptions and practical implications: a qualitative study

Recent research has evidenced that although investment in Continuing Medical Education CME, both in terms of participation as well as financial resources allocated to it, has been steadily increasing to catch up with accelerating advances in health information and technology, effectiveness of CME is reported to be rather limited. Poor and disproportional returns can be attributed to failure of CME courses to address and stimulate an adult audience.MethodsThe present study initially drew on research findings and adult learning theories, providing the basis for comprehending adult learning, while entailing practical implications on fostering effectiveness in the design and delivery of CME. On a second level, a qualitative study was conducted with the aim to elucidate parameters accounting for effectiveness in educational interventions. Qualitative data was retrieved through 12 in-depth interviews, conducted with a random sample of participants in the 26th European Workshop of Advanced Plastic Surgery EWAPS. The data underwent a three level qualitative analysis, following the ?grounded theory? methodology, comprising `open coding?, `axial coding? and `selective coding?.ResultsFindings from the EWAPS study come in line with relevant literature, entailing significant implications for the necessity to apply a more effective and efficient paradigm in the design and delivery of educational interventions, advocating for implementing learner-centered schemata in CME and benefiting from a model that draws on the learning environment and social aspects of learning.ConclusionsWhat emerged as a pivotal parameter in designing educational interventions is to focus on small group educational events which could provide a supportive friendly context, enhance motivation through learner-centered approaches and allow interaction, experimentation and critical reflection. It should be outlined however that further research is required as the present study is limited in scope, having dealt with a limited sample

via BMC Medical Education | Abstract | Continuing medical education revisited: theoretical assumptions and practical implications: a qualitative study.

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MANUSCRIPT: Massive Open Online Courses on Health and Medicine: Review

Background

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become immensely popular in a short span of time. However, there is very little research exploring MOOCs in the discipline of health and medicine.

Objective

We aim to provide a review of MOOCs related to health and medicine offered by various MOOC platforms in 2013, by analyzing and comparing the various offerings, their target audience, typical length of course, and credentials offered. We also discuss opportunities and challenges presented by MOOCs in health and medicine.

Methods

Health and medicine–related MOOCs were gathered using several methods to ensure the richness and completeness of data. Identified MOOC platform websites were used to gather the lists of offerings. In parallel, these MOOC platforms were contacted to access official data on their offerings. Two MOOC aggregator sites (Class Central and MOOC List) were also consulted to gather data on MOOC offerings. Eligibility criteria were defined to concentrate on the courses that were offered in 2013 and primarily on the subject of health and medicine. All language translations in this paper were done using Google Translate.

Results

The search identified 225 courses, of which 98 were eligible for the review. Over half (58%, 57/98) of the MOOCs considered were offered on the Coursera platform, and 94% (92/98) of all the MOOCs were offered in English. Universities offered 90 MOOCs, and the John Hopkins University offered the largest number of MOOCs (12/90). Only three MOOCs were offered by developing countries (China, West Indies, and Saudi Arabia). The duration of MOOCs varied from 3-20 weeks with an average length of 6.7 weeks. On average, MOOCs expected a participant to work on the material for 4.2 hours a week. Verified certificates were offered by 14 MOOCs, while three others offered other professional recognition.

Conclusions

The review presents evidence to suggest that MOOCs can be used as a way to provide continuous medical education. It also shows the potential of MOOCs as a means of increasing health literacy among the public.

via Massive Open Online Courses on Health and Medicine: Review.

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ABSTRACT: The importance of medical education in the changing field of pain medicine

SUMMARY  Suffering chronic pain is a global epidemic that requires a closer look on how we are educating trainees to become more effective in pain management. The vast majority of medical professionals will encounter treatment of pain throughout their career. Our current system for educating these medical professionals is flawed in a number of ways. Improving pain education will narrow the gap between over and under treatment of acute and chronic pain. Reviews have demonstrated dissatisfaction among practitioners throughout the world on how pain education is currently conducted. Changing the educational process will require support from several areas: medical educators, clinicians, policymakers, administrators and several other organizations.

via The importance of medical education in the changing field of pain m… – PubMed – NCBI.

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ABSTRACT: Debriefing 101: training faculty to promote learning in simulation-based training

BACKGROUND:
Debriefing is recognized as essential for successful simulation-based training. Unfortunately, its effective use is variable. We developed a train the trainer workshop to teach key evidence-based components of effective debriefing.
METHOD:
A workshop focusing on best practices for debriefing in surgical simulation-based training was developed for the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Association for Surgical Education. Content emphasized key theoretical concepts related to and evidence-based components of an effective debriefing. Additionally, the workshop incorporated experiential learning via active debriefing following a simulated scenario.
RESULTS:
Content of the workshop emphasized effective debriefing as the key to learning in simulation-based education. Key elements of debriefing for educators to keep in mind include the following: approach, learning environment, engagement of learners, reaction, reflection, analysis, diagnosis, and application.
CONCLUSIONS:
Effective debriefing is an essential skill for educators involved in surgical simulation-based training. Without it, learning opportunities are missed. Training the trainer in effective debriefing is essential to ensure standardization of practice.

via Debriefing 101: training faculty to promote learning in simulation-… – PubMed – NCBI.

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MANUSCRIPT: Case based teaching at the bed side versus in classroom for undergraduates and residents of pediatrics

Introduction: Bedside teaching is defined as teaching in the presence of a patient, it is a vital component of medical education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods of case based teaching (at the bedside and in the classroom) in the teaching hospitals (for both undergraduates and residents of pediatrics).

Methods: Thirty undergraduates and twenty pediatric residents were asked to study a topic of their curriculum from their text then pretest was taken from learners in the two levels; then either lecture with power point or case presentation or bed side discussion were conducted. One week later post- test was taken, and then evaluation of these three methods was done by a questionnaire from learners.

Results: The majority of under-graduates and all of pediatric residents had evaluated case based teaching superior to bedside teaching and these two methods superior to lecture method.

Conclusions: They believed that in the case based teaching they are more relaxed and have more self-esteem than at the bedside of the patients. Clinician teacher must involve participants and learners in the process of bedside teaching, by preparing a comfortable situation and by using available technology.

via Case based teaching at the bed side versus in classroom for undergraduates and residents of pediatrics.

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PERSPECTIVE: The role of educational technology in medical education

Being one of the most effective tools for educational system improvement, educational Technology plays an important role in learning facilitation. In order to have a deeper, more effective and long lasting learning impact, this systematic approach designs, implements and evaluates the teaching- learning process, using specific purposes, new methods of psychology and communication sciences and also human and non-human resources (1).

A fruitful and effective educational system which results in actual learning improvement cannot be achieved unless its faculty members become competent. To achieve this goal, not only they must attain and/or maintain academic qualifications, especially in their teaching area, but also be familiar with the newest communication and teaching methods and equipped with educational and professional skills.

Considering the growing movement of education towards the new technologies and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education tendency for upgrading the educational technology and virtual learning, the need for experts in education technology was clear. Therefore, given its mission which focuses on scientific promotion and academic training improvement, in an cooperation with shiraz educational development center along with Center of Excellence for electronic learning`s staff and faculty members, Shiraz Educational Technology unit, established the Master of education technology courses (2).

Education’s technology and E-Learning, have arises a condition in which many educational goals, such as independent learning, self-directed learning, learning regardless of time or place, collaborative learning and providing immediate feedbacks and assessment of learning, appears more achievable.

Electronic medical education has become very popular in developed countries and is rapidly developing, since it has educational value and the tremendous broadening audience through educational programs.

Considering the fact that currently, while the faculty members have to learn most of the new means of teaching, for most of their students, these new means of education such as computers and other associated applications are not really consider technology since they are not only completely familiar with but also very capable of utilizing them. Therefore, while faculties are trying to learn these new methods of transferring information, students’ expectations are getting higher each day, Hence it seems that educational technology mastery is an important neglected competency in faculties which mandates an especial training program for the universities’ upgrading and improvement.

via The role of educational technology in medical education.

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MANUSCRIPT: Improving the learning of clinical reasoning through computer-based cognitive representation

OBJECTIVE:
Clinical reasoning is usually taught using a problem-solving approach, which is widely adopted in medical education. However, learning through problem solving is difficult as a result of the contextualization and dynamic aspects of actual problems. Moreover, knowledge acquired from problem-solving practice tends to be inert and fragmented. This study proposed a computer-based cognitive representation approach that externalizes and facilitates the complex processes in learning clinical reasoning. The approach is operationalized in a computer-based cognitive representation tool that involves argument mapping to externalize the problem-solving process and concept mapping to reveal the knowledge constructed from the problems.
METHODS:
Twenty-nine Year 3 or higher students from a medical school in east China participated in the study. Participants used the proposed approach implemented in an e-learning system to complete four learning cases in 4 weeks on an individual basis. For each case, students interacted with the problem to capture critical data, generate and justify hypotheses, make a diagnosis, recall relevant knowledge, and update their conceptual understanding of the problem domain. Meanwhile, students used the computer-based cognitive representation tool to articulate and represent the key elements and their interactions in the learning process.
RESULTS:
A significant improvement was found in students’ learning products from the beginning to the end of the study, consistent with students’ report of close-to-moderate progress in developing problem-solving and knowledge-construction abilities. No significant differences were found between the pretest and posttest scores with the 4-week period. The cognitive representation approach was found to provide more formative assessment.
CONCLUSIONS:
The computer-based cognitive representation approach improved the learning of clinical reasoning in both problem solving and knowledge construction.

via Improving the learning of clinical reasoning through computer-based… – PubMed – NCBI.

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ABSTRACT: Twelve tips to support the development of clinical reasoning skills using virtual patient cases.

Clinical reasoning is a critical core competency in medical education. Strategies to support the development of clinical reasoning skills have focused on methodologies used in traditional settings, including lectures, small groups, activities within Simulation Centers and the clinical arena. However, the evolving role and growing utilization of virtual patients (VPs) in undergraduate medical education; as well as an increased emphasis on blended learning, multi-modal models that include VPs in core curricula; suggest a growing requirement for strategies or guidelines that directly focus on VPs. The authors have developed 12 practical tips that can be used in VP cases to support the development of clinical reasoning. These are based on teaching strategies and principles of instructional design and pedagogy, already used to teach and assess clinical reasoning in other settings. Their application within VPs will support educators who author or use VP cases that promote the development of clinical reasoning.

via Twelve tips to support the development of clinical reasoning skills… – PubMed – NCBI.

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