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Author: Brian S McGowan, PhD

RESOURCE: 5 Potential Ways MOOCs Will Evolve

In order to understand where MOOCs are heading (at least taking a stab at guessing their future), it’s important to know what the stated goals are. In case you’re still new to MOOCs, here’s a helpful rundown of the guiding principles behind MOOCs:

Aggregation. The whole point of a connectivist MOOC is to provide a starting point for a massive amount of content to be produced in different places online, which is later aggregated as a newsletter or a web page accessible to participants on a regular basis. This is in contrast to traditional courses, where the content is prepared ahead of time.
The second principle is remixing, that is, associating materials created within the course with each other and with materials elsewhere.
Re-purposing of aggregated and remixed materials to suit the goals of each participant.
Feeding forward, sharing of re-purposed ideas and content with other participants and the rest of the world.

via 5 Potential Ways MOOCs Will Evolve | Edudemic.

RESOURCE: The Past, Present, And Future Of MOOCs

Here’s a fresh take on the hot topic of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). It’s a look at the past, present, and potential future of MOOCs. It extrapolates what the MOOC will be like in the future based on past data. I find it interesting to see the projections and await to see if they come true.

See Also: 5 Potential Ways MOOCs Will Evolve

So whatever your take is on MOOCs, there’s no denying that it’s one of the biggest discussions being had in schools and businesses around the world. Whether it’s the future of education, another tool in the student’s arsenal, or just a flash in the pan remains to be seen. But this infographic is useful for anyone curious about the history of the MOOC and where it might be in the next couple of decades.

via The Past, Present, And Future Of MOOCs | Edudemic.

Putting the ‘We’ into CME

Over the course of writing #SocialQI: Simple Solutions for Improving Your Healthcare I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to interview dozens of clinicians who expressed the challenges they face with lifelong learning. As currently designed, the great majority of medical education opportunities provide isolated learning experiences – a single clinician attends a live meeting unaware of the other learners who may attend, or they register for an online educational activity without the benefit of sharing the learning experience with the hundreds of other learners who have also participated. It seems that this model of developing and delivering education for individuals learners, while perhaps easier to design, fails to address one of the most critical of the four natural learning actions…and without some semblance of a social learning opportunity, the impact of the education is limited.

More recently I spoke with a friend and colleague (Dr. Tim Hayes, President of AcademicCME) who shared a fascinating story of how he came to fully leverage medical education in an unintended way, and by doing so he found that everything he had come to expect from his participation in CME could be enhanced with a little help from his friends. ArcheMedX Cohort Based Learning

In an abstract that Tim and I recently submitted for the ACEhp14 annual meeting we have deconstructed his educational evolution and are planning to present a new model of team-based or ‘buddy CME’ where learners come together to learn together, to share with each other, and to validate the collective learning so that changes can be more easily implemented in practice.

This new approach firmly places the ‘we’ in CME.

Here are the details of our proposed plan:

Based on more than 20 years of engaging in CME to maintain his competency one surgeon describes his journey and how with the help of some friends he finally figured out a lifelong learning process that allowed him to effectively implement new lessons into practice.

Case Study: When implementing new data into daily practice a physician learner will run new information by their most respected colleagues within their hospital and community.  This serves two purposes: 1) to obtain multiple second opinions from trusted partners and mentors to assure scientific rigor, and 2) since most healthcare is team delivered and the outcomes are peer reviewed, to obtain acceptance as a new standard of care in one’s practice environment.

This is a vital step before changes in practice behavior occur. One should appreciate that if this step is unsuccessful, the result will be no change in practice from the recent CME experience.

Medical education professionals can design practical tools for CME planning and delivery that aide the learner with dissemination of new information. Additionally, this presents opportunities to engage the physician learner’s ‘buddy system’ to extend reach into the learner’s community. This segment for professional advancement will address such topics as, learner recruitment that rewards colleague and group attendance, practical online summaries that learners can appropriately distribute, creating opportunities to present your CME program again to a community group, and begin the vetting process by allowing learners to debate the application of new data with fellow learners during the CME activity, either live or on line. 

There are tremendous parallels between the team-based learning models that Tim evolved as part of his own lifelong learning journey and the collaborative learning architecture that we have pioneered at ArcheMedx, but this is far more than a promotional message. By communicating models such as these the CME community at large may find opportunities within their own programs to support the learners’ intrinsic need to be social in their own practice improvement. And, through the collaborative research efforts that we have shaped with Dr. Hayes, we may be that much closer to putting the ‘we’ into CME.

RESOURCE: Elsevier reveals new layout for Article of the Future

The Article of the Future project is Elsevier’s “never-ending quest to explore better ways to create and deliver the formal published record”.

In the latest phase of this ‘quest’, the project team have worked with more than 150 researchers, authors, publishers and editors to come up with multiple prototypes for a new article design, with each one tailored to a specific subject area.

Following previous changes to improve in-article navigation and readability, all ScienceDirect articles have now been transformed using an interactive HTML5 format. Click here to see one in action.

via BMJ Group blogs: BMJ Web Development Blog » Blog Archive » Elsevier reveals new layout for Article of the Future.

MANUSCRIPT: Making the Case for Continuous Learning from Routinely Collected Data

In “Making the Case for Continuous Learning from Routinely Collected Data,” the authors suggest that in order to achieve better health, patients and clinicians will need to view every health care encounter as providing an opportunity to improve outcomes. The paper cites widely-reported examples of routinely collected digital health data being applied to improve services, inform patients, avoid harm, and speed research. Developed by individual participants from the IOM’s Clinical Effectiveness Research Innovation Collaborative, it asserts that patients and the public are the most effective advocates for resetting expectations that their data be used to advance knowledge and support continuous learning. Citing examples of efforts to engage patients and clinicians in continuous learning efforts, the authors see broader application of these approaches as critical to ensuring the success of a learning health system in achieving better care, lower costs and improved health.

via Making the Case for Continuous Learning from Routinely Collected Data – Institute of Medicine.

MANUSCRIPT: Learning styles and pedagogy in learning: A systematic and critical review

“The sheer number of dichotomies betokens a serious failure of accumulated theoretical coherence and an absence of well-grounded findings, tested through replication. Or to put the point differently: there is some overlap among the concepts used, but no direct or easy comparability between approaches; there is no agreed ‘core’ technical vocabulary. The outcome – the constant generation of new approaches, each with its own language – is both bewildering and off-putting to practitioners and to other academics who do not specialise in this field.”

http://sxills.nl/lerenlerennu/bronnen/Learning styles by Coffield e.a..pdf

MANUSCRIPT: Comparison of the medical students’ perceived self-efficacy and the evaluation of the observers and patients

Background
The accuracy of self-assessment has been questioned in studies comparing physicians’ self-assessments to observed assessments; however, none of these studies used self-efficacy as a method for self-assessment.

The aim of the study was to investigate how medical students’ perceived self-efficacy of specific communication skills corresponds to the evaluation of simulated patients and observers.

Methods
All of the medical students who signed up for an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) were included. As a part of the OSCE, the student performance in the “parent-physician interaction” was evaluated by a simulated patient and an observer at one of the stations. After the examination the students were asked to assess their self-efficacy according to the same specific communication skills.

The Calgary Cambridge Observation Guide formed the basis for the outcome measures used in the questionnaires. A total of 12 items was rated on a Likert scale from 1–5 (strongly disagree to strongly agree).

We used extended Rasch models for comparisons between the groups of responses of the questionnaires. Comparisons of groups were conducted on dichotomized responses.

Results
Eighty-four students participated in the examination, 87% (73/84) of whom responded to the questionnaire. The response rate for the simulated patients and the observers was 100%.

Significantly more items were scored in the highest categories (4 and 5) by the observers and simulated patients compared to the students (observers versus students: -0.23; SE:0.112; p=0.002 and patients versus students:0.177; SE:0.109; p=0.037). When analysing the items individually, a statistically significant difference only existed for two items.

Conclusion
This study showed that students scored their communication skills lower compared to observers or simulated patients. The differences were driven by only 2 of 12 items.

The results in this study indicate that self-efficacy based on the Calgary Cambridge Observation guide seems to be a reliable tool.

via BMC Medical Education | Abstract | Comparison of the medical students’ perceived self-efficacy and the evaluation of the observers and patients.

MANUSCRIPT: Effective Use of Educational Technology in Medical Education (2007)

There is no doubt that educational technologies have enhanced teaching and learning in medical education. There is also no doubt that technologies will continue to evolve and become further integrated into all facets of our professional and personal settings. The medical education community must be able to assure itself that the information presented to medical students and the venues through which it is presented are compatible and optimize learning and justify the substantial investment of resources (people, facilities, money) that these resources require. For medical schools to“make the case” for such investments it is imperative that use of technology be linked to what we know about learning. Often there is a “cultural lag” in appropriately pairing novel technology with effective use, making it essential that medical educators be confident that educational theory guides and supports their use of technology.

Effective Use of Educational Technology in Medical Education

ABSTRACT: Teaching for understanding in medical classrooms using multimedia design principles – Issa – 2013 – Medical Education – Wiley Online Library

Objectives  In line with a recent report entitled Effective Use of Educational Technology in Medical Education from the Association of American Medical Colleges Institute for Improving Medical Education (AAMC-IME), this study examined whether revising a medical lecture based on evidence-based principles of multimedia design would lead to improved long-term transfer and retention in Year 3 medical students. A previous study yielded positive effects on an immediate retention test, but did not investigate long-term effects.

Methods  In a pre-test/post-test control design, a cohort of 37 Year 3 medical students at a private, midwestern medical school received a bullet point-based PowerPoint™ lecture on shock developed by the instructor as part of their core curriculum (the traditional condition group). Another cohort of 43 similar medical students received a lecture covering identical content using slides redesigned according to Mayer’s evidence-based principles of multimedia design (the modified condition group).

Results  Findings showed that the modified condition group significantly outscored the traditional condition group on delayed tests of transfer given 1 week (d = 0.83) and 4 weeks (d = 1.17) after instruction, and on delayed tests of retention given 1 week (d = 0.83) and 4 weeks (d = 0.79) after instruction. The modified condition group also significantly outperformed the traditional condition group on immediate tests of retention (d = 1.49) and transfer (d = 0.76).

Conclusions  This study provides the first evidence that applying multimedia design principles to an actual medical lecture has significant effects on measures of learner understanding (i.e. long-term transfer and long-term retention). This work reinforces the need to apply the science of learning and instruction in medical education.

via Teaching for understanding in medical classrooms using multimedia design principles – Issa – 2013 – Medical Education – Wiley Online Library.

ABSTRACT: Applying the cognitive theory of multimedia learning: an analysis of medical animations – Yue – 2013 – Medical Education – Wiley Online Library

Context  Instructional animations play a prominent role in medical education, but the degree to which these teaching tools follow empirically established learning principles, such as those outlined in the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), is unknown. These principles provide guidelines for designing animations in a way that promotes optimal cognitive processing and facilitates learning, but the application of these learning principles in current animations has not yet been investigated. A large-scale review of existing educational tools in the context of this theoretical framework is necessary to examine if and how instructional medical animations adhere to these principles and where improvements can be made.

Methods  We conducted a comprehensive review of instructional animations in the health sciences domain and examined whether these animations met the three main goals of CTML: managing essential processing; minimising extraneous processing, and facilitating generative processing. We also identified areas for pedagogical improvement. Through Google keyword searches, we identified 4455 medical animations for review. After the application of exclusion criteria, 860 animations from 20 developers were retained. We randomly sampled and reviewed 50% of the identified animations.

Results  Many animations did not follow the recommended multimedia learning principles, particularly those that support the management of essential processing. We also noted an excess of extraneous visual and auditory elements and few opportunities for learner interactivity.

Conclusions  Many unrealised opportunities exist for improving the efficacy of animations as learning tools in medical education; instructors can look to effective examples to select or design animations that incorporate the established principles of CTML.

via Applying the cognitive theory of multimedia learning: an analysis of medical animations – Yue – 2013 – Medical Education – Wiley Online Library.